TABLE OF CONTENTS
| FOREWORD | iii |
|
| PREFACE | v |
|
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | xi |
|
| LIST OF FIGURES | xvii |
|
| LIST OF MAPS | xvii |
|
| LIST OF TABLES | xix |
|
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | EX-1 to EX-11 |
| 1. | SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND, PERSONNEL POLICIES, AND THE INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER | Page |
| A. | Introduction | 1-1 |
| B. | Personnel Policies (Manpower Procurement) | 1-3 |
1. Background |
1-3 |
|
2. Political Parameters |
1-7 |
|
3. The System in Operation |
1-11 |
|
4. Voluntarism |
1-20 |
|
5. Evaluation |
1-22 |
|
| C. | The Soldier | 1-26 |
1. Draftees and Enlistees |
1-26 |
|
2. Officers |
1-36 |
|
3. Relevance of Socio-Economic Background |
1-41 |
|
| D. | Summary Analysis and Insights | 1-46 |
| E. | Lessons | 1-49 |
| 2. | TRAINING AND INDOCTRINATION | |
| A. | Introduction | 2-1 |
| B. | Influence of the Korean War | 2-3 |
1. Expansion of the Training Base |
2-3 |
|
2. Legacy of the Korean War |
2-4 |
|
| C. | US Army Training Philosophy and Programs, 1954-1964 | 2-4 |
1. Impact of National Policy |
2-4 |
|
2. The French Experience |
2-5 |
|
3. The Special Forces |
2-5 |
|
4. A New Era |
2-6 |
|
5. Individual Training |
2-6 |
|
6. Training for Staff and Advisors |
2-7 |
|
7. The Military Assistance Training Advisory (MATA) Course |
2-8 |
|
8. Training and Indoctrination 1954-1964 - A Summary |
2-9 |
|
| D. | Training--On the Way In (1965-1968) | 2-10 |
1. Snapshot of Training in 1965 |
2-11 |
|
2. In-Country Training |
2-14 |
|
3. Major Changes in Training, 1965-68 |
2-15 |
|
4. Feedback to Training |
2-17 |
|
5. The Advisors |
2-17 |
|
6. Aviation Training |
2-18 |
|
7. Training and Indoctrination 1965-1968 - A Summary |
2-19 |
|
| E. | Training After Tet, 1968-73 | 2-22 |
1. Snapshot of Training in 1968 |
2-22 |
|
2. In-Country Training |
2-23 |
|
3. Major Changes in Training, 1968-73 |
2-24 |
|
4. Training and Indoctrination 1969-1973 |
2-28 |
|
| F. | A Summary of Criticism on US Training for Vietnam | 2-28 |
| G. | Summary Analysis and Insights | 2-30 |
| H. | Lessons | 2-31 |
| 3. | LEADERSHIP AND ETHICS | |
| A. | Introduction | 3-1 |
1. Leadership |
3-2 |
|
2. Military Ethics |
3-4 |
|
| B. | Factors Influencing the Decline in Military Leadership and Ethics | 3-6 |
1. Wartime Expansion of the Army and the Decline in Officer and NCO Quality |
3-6 |
|
2. Lack of Experience and Ticket Punching |
3-12 |
|
3. Careerism (the new military ethic?) |
3-16 |
|
4. Morale, Discipline and the Failure to Motivate Subordinates |
3-21 |
|
| C. | Insights | 3-28 |
| D. | Lessons | 3-30 |
| 4. | MORALE AND DISCIPLINE | |
| A. | Introduction | 4-1 |
| B. | Evidence of a Decline in the Morale and Discipline of US Troops in Vietnam | 4-3 |
1. Personal Observations |
4-3 |
|
2. Evidence from the Inspector General |
4-6 |
|
3. The Deserters and the Discharged |
4-8 |
|
4. Fraggings and Combat Refusals |
4-16 |
|
5. The Military Justice System |
4-23 |
|
| C. | Causes of the Decline of Morale and Discipline Amongst US Troops | 4-26 |
1. Ferment at Home |
4-28 |
|
2. Careerism |
4-31 |
|
3. Personnel Policies |
4-34 |
|
4. The Type of War |
4-39 |
|
5. The Drawdown |
4-41 |
|
| D. | Insights | 4-43 |
| E. | Lessons | 4-44 |
| 5. | RACE RELATIONS | |
| A. | Introduction | 5-1 |
| B. | Institutional Racism | 5-1 |
1. NAACP Study |
5-2 |
|
2. Cook County Study |
5-3 |
|
3. 1968 Civil Rights Group |
5-4 |
|
4. The Military Justice System |
5-10 |
|
| C. | Black-White Relations | 5-12 |
| D. | Black-Australian Relations | 5-14 |
| E. | The Army and Vietnamese Relations | 5-14 |
| F. | Army Actions to Improve Race Relations | 5-16 |
1. Positive Actions |
5-16 |
|
2. Negative Actions |
5-18 |
|
| G. | Insights | 5-20 |
| H. | Lessons | 5-20 |
| 6. | DRUG ABUSE | |
| A. | Introduction and Overview | 6-1 |
| B. | The Illicit Drug Traffic in Vietnam | 6-2 |
1. Origins of the Drug Traffic |
6-2 |
|
2. The Problem Grows |
6-3 |
|
3. Drug Supply Routes and Traffickers |
6-4 |
|
4. The Introduction of Drugs into Vietnam |
6-6 |
|
| C. | Individual Drug Use in Vietnam | 6-8 |
1. Drug Availability and Prevalence |
6-8 |
|
2. Characteristics of the Drug User |
6-13 |
|
3. Reasons for Using Drugs |
6-17 |
|
| D. | Attitudes and Opinions About Drug Use in Vietnam | 6-23 |
| E. | The US Drug Programs in Vietnam | 6-28 |
1. Education, Orientation, Information Programs |
6-29 |
|
2. Legal Enforcement Programs |
6-30 |
|
3. The Nixon Message, June 17, 1971: Its Impact on Drug Abuse and Control Programs |
6-34 |
|
4. Identification of Drug Users |
6-35 |
|
5. Drug Abuse |
6-40 |
|
6. The Amnesty Program |
6-41 |
|
7. Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs |
6-42 |
|
| F. | Conclusion: A Retrospective Look at the US Response to the Vietnam Drug Environment | 6-44 |
| G. | Summary Analysis and Insights | 6-47 |
| H. | Lessons | 6-49 |
| 7. | PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS | |
| A. | Introduction | 7-1 |
1. Stress |
7-1 |
|
2. Coping |
7-2 |
|
| B. | Stress in Recent Wars | 7-3 |
| C. | Factors Affecting Psychiatric Casualties in Vietnam | 7-7 |
1. Group Cohesion and the One-Year Tour |
7-7 |
|
2. Nature of the Vietnam War |
7-10 |
|
3. Problems at Home--Problems 'In Country' |
7-15 |
|
4. Training |
7-16 |
|
5. Leadership |
7-17 |
|
6. Age |
7-18 |
|
7. Better Psychiatric and Medical Facilities |
7-18 |
|
8. Interaction of Factors |
7-21 |
|
| D. | The Average Psychiatric Casualty | 7-22 |
| E. | Insights | 7-24 |
| F. | Lessons | 7-25 |
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | B-1 to B-23 |